FISIOLOGIA GENERALE - FISIOLOGIA DELLA NUTRIZIONE

Learning Objectives

• Physiology

  The course allows the student to acquire the knowledge about the vital functions of man and the cellular mechanisms of the major biological systems. It analyzes the integrated functioning of the different organs and systems of control by which the living organism obtains and maintains the homeostasis inside.

• FISIOLOGIA DELLA NUTRIZIONE

  Let the student know the basics of nutrition. The course also intends to emphasize the role played by proper nutrition in the prevention and therapy of most diseases. Therefore, in addition to the diet to be followed in the various physiological conditions, topics of dietotherapy will be addressed related to the most common pathologies.

Course Structure

• Physiology

  During the course of the lessons there will be written tests and oral interviews in the appeals indicated in the exam calendar.

  The student will receive a pdf of some topics covered in class, which can be downloaded from the site: http://www.dsf.unict.it/corsi/lm-13/docenti/rosalba.parenti

Detailed Course Content

• Physiology

  BLOOD
  1. Functions of plasma
  2. Functions of red blood cells
  3. Function of white blood cells
  4. Hematopoiesis and hemocateresis
  5. Metabolic product of hemoglobin (iron, pigment)
  6. Hemostasis
  7. Blood groups and compatibility
  HEART
  1. Properties of the myocardium
  2. Electrical and mechanical phenomena of myocardial cell
  3. Properties of the fabric starter and cardiac conduction
  4. Functions of the cardiac nerves
  5. Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle
  6. Work of the heart
  7. The electrocardiogram
  8. The heart sounds and phonocardiogram
  9. Omeometric and eterometric regulation of cardiac output
  CIRCULATION
  1. Flow, pressure and resistance in the arteries and veins
  2. Capillaries and exchange of fluids
  3. Arterial circulation
  4. Venous circulation
  5. Relationship between cardiac output and venous return
  6. Blood Pressure
  7. Blood Pressure regulation
  8. Baro-receptors and reflexes
  9. Kidney function in the regulation of blood pressure
  10. Renin-angiotensin system
  RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
  1. Mechanics of breathing
  2. Functions of the pleural space
  3. Respiratory resistance
  4. Lung compliance and chest and its measurement
  5. Pressure-relaxation curve
  6. Work of breathing
  7. Ventilation-perfusion
  8. Gas exchange and transport of respiratory gases
  9. Lung function in the regulation of acid-base
  10. Nervous control of respiration
  11. Chemical control of breathing
  12. Control of the respiratory center
  13. Ventilatory responses to acidosis and alcalosis
  14. Effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia
  RENAL SYSTEM
  1. The nephron as a functional unit
  2. Blood flow in the kidney and its measurement
  3. Autoregulation of renal blood flow
  4. Glomerular filtration and measurement of GFR
  5. Mechanisms of tubular reabsorption and secretion
  6. Inulin clearance, the PAI, glucose
  7. Re-absorption of sodium
  8. Re-absorption of glucose
  9. Water excretion and urine output
  10. Countercurrent Mechanism
  11. Reabsorption of water: obligatory

  12. Reabsorption of water: optional
  13. Acidification of the urine, secretion and excretion of ammonia bicarbonate
  14. Adjusting excretion d and the main electrolytes: Na +, Cl-, K +, etc.
  15. Alkalosis and renal compensation in the acidosis
  16. Urination and its regulation
  NERVOUS SYSTEM
  1. Diffusion and membrane transport: structure of the membrane; membrane proteins; movements through the membrane; active and passive transport.
  2. Resting potential: ionic mechanisms, properties; Action potential: ionic mechanisms, properties
  4. Conduction of nerve impulses
  5. Synaptic transmission
  6. Neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and receptors
  7. Sensory systems: receptors
  8. The sensitivity of somatic
  9. Pain
  10. The vestibular system and righting reflexes
  11. The different types of movement
  12. Reflex movements
  13. Posture
  14. Voluntary movement
  15. Motor cortex and descending motor pathways
  16. Cerebellum
  17. Nuclei of Base
  18. Sleep
  19. Autonomic nervous system: control of vegetative functions (temperature, dietary intake, thirst, etc.)
  20. Higher functions: memory and mood
  MUSCLE
  1. Neuromuscular junction
  2. Striated muscle: contractile proteins, sliding of the filaments, coupling excitation /contraction, mechanical properties of contraction, isometric and isotonic; metabolism; types of muscle cells.
  3. The smooth muscle unitary and multi-unitary: structure; single and multi-unit smooth muscle, coupling excitation / contraction, control mechanisms of contraction, metabolism.
  ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
  1. Hormones, general characteristics, protein and steroid hormones; Synthesis and secretion, transport in the blood, mode of action, the first and second messenger.
  2. Hormonal changes in the course of life, from prenatal to old age
  3. Pituitary gland, structure and its control by the hypothalamus
  4. Pituitary Hormones
  REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
  1. Male sex hormones
  2. Female sex hormones
  3. Ovarian cycle, endometrial cycle, menstruation
  4. The reproductive system in both sexes
  5. General concepts related to fertilization, pregnancy, childbirth and lactogenesis
  

• FISIOLOGIA DELLA NUTRIZIONE

  MODULE I
  
  
  THE BASICS OF NUTRITION
  
  Meaning of nutrition and feeding.
  
  Alimony
  
  Definition and classification.
  
  Dietary principles
  
  Carbohydrates and dietary fiber - General. Structure. Distribution in foods. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Role of carbohydrates in the body. Amount and type of carbohydrates recommended in the diet. Physiological importance of dietary fiber.
  
  Dietary protein - General. Structure. Essential amino acids. Distribution in foods. Digestion and absorption of proteins. The role of proteins in the body. Recommended intake of protein in the diet.
  
  Dietary lipids - General. Structure. Essential fatty acids. Distribution in foods. Digestion and absorption of lipids. Function of lipids in the diet and in the body. Lipid requirements.
  
  Vitamins - General. Fat-soluble vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins. Digestion and absorption of vitamins. The role of vitamins in the body. Vitamin requirements.
  
  Water - Water distribution in the body. Functions of body water.
  
  Minerals - macroelements and microelements. Role of minerals in the body. Mineral requirements.

   

  Primary food: milk, fish, eggs, vegetable oils.

   

  Secondary food: alcoholic, nerve, hive products.

  
  
  
  MODULE II
  
  DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
  
  Mechanical phenomena of digestion: motility of the gastrointestinal tract: peristalsis; rhythmic segmentation; tonic contraction. Swallowing. Gastric motility. Intestinal motility: intestinuo small intestine, large intestine, rectum. Bowel control. Smooth muscle of the wall of the digestive tract. Mechanisms of motility.
  Secretory phenomena of digestion: saliva and salivary glands; gastric juice; gastric mucosal barrier; pancreatic juice; bile; intestinal mucus; Control of secretions.
  Pancreas: structure and function (exocrine and endocrine).
  Liver: structure of the lobules; hepatic circulation. Functions of the liver.
  Digestion and absorption of food (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids). Absorption of vitamins and minerals.
  Gastrointestinal hormones: gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, GIP, somatostatin, motilin, VIP.
  
  Control of food intake
  Nerve centers for the regulation of food intake. Factors that regulate the amount of food intake.
  
  ADJUSTMENT OF THE ASSUMPTION OF WATER
  Water balance: intake and elimination of water. Routes of elimination of water. Hormones regulating fluid and electrolyte balance: vasopressin, renin, angiotensin, aldosterone. Nervous structures delegated to the regulation of water: thirst center.
  
  THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
  Homeostasis is guaranteed by the intercellular communication. Classes of hormones. Hormone secretion. Mechanisms of action of hormones. Control of endocrine activity. Pituitary gland (adeno-and neurohypophysis): hormones secreted and their functions. Thyroid hormone secretions and their functions. Adrenal (cortex and medulla): secreted hormones and their functions. Pancreas secreted hormones and their functions.
  
  
  
  MODULE III
  
  BIOENERGETICS OF NUTRIENTS AND ENERGY NEEDS
  Energy expenditure. Basal metabolic rate. Calorie needs. Nutritional status. Eating disorders and diet products indicated.
  
  
  NUTRITION IN THE VARIOUS STAGES VITAL
  Infant formulas. Products for artificial feeding. Diet during the period of weaning and adolescence. The diet in pregnancy and lactation. The diet of the elderly. Vegetarian diets. The athlete's diet.
  
  
  DIET IN MAJOR DISEASES
  The allergic disease. Celiac disease. Disorders associated with the metabolism of amino acids. Diabetes. Disorders associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates. Disorders associated with the lipid component.

Textbook Information

• Physiology

  - Fisiologia: dalle molecole ai sistemi integrati. E. Carbone, G. Aicardi, R. Maggi. EDISES.

  - Fisiologia medica - Guyton e Hall. EDRA

• FISIOLOGIA DELLA NUTRIZIONE

  E. Carbone, F.Cicirata, G. Aicardi – FISIOLOGIA: Dalle molecole ai sistemi integrati - EdiSES

   

  F. Evangelisti, P. Restani – PRODOTTI DIETETICI – Piccin