PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

The course aims to provide students with the basis for understanding Organic Chemistry, its applicative aspects and its connections with the field of herbal and nutraceuticals sciences through the study of the most important organic compounds.

The course takes place trough frontal lessons and also using power point.

Should teaching be carried out in mixed mode or remotely, it may be necessary to introduce changes with respect to previous statements, in line with the programme planned and outlined in the syllabus.

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Atomic structure. The chemical bond. Isomerism. Acids and bases.
ALKANES. Nomenclature. Structure. sp3 hybridization. σ- bond. Conformations. Chemical and physical properties. Reactions.
CYCLOALKANES. Nomenclature. Geometric isomerism. Conformations.
ALKENES. Nomenclature. sp2 Hybridization. Structure. π-bond. Configurational isomerism. Physical and chemical properties. Electropilic additions: Markovnikov rule, carbocation stabilization.
DIENES. Nomenclature. Conjugated dienes. Resonance. Addition 1,2 and 1,4.
ALKYNE. Nomenclature. sp hybridization. Chemical and physical properties. Acidity. Electrophilic additions.
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS. Benzene. Structure, resonance energy, aromaticity. Nomenclature of derivatives. Aromatic electrophilic substitutions: mechanism and effect of substituents on reactivity and orientation. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
STEREOCHEMISTRY. Enantiomers and chirality. Diastereoisomers. Resolution of a raceme. Molecular models.
HALID. Nomenclature. Chemical and physical properties. Nucleophilic substitution: stereochemistry. Elimination reaction. Elimination versus substitutions. Aryl halides.
ALCOHOLS. Nomenclature. Structure. Hydrogen bond. Preparations. Acidity, oxidation and dehydration. Glycols.
PHENOL. Nomenclature. Structure. Acidity.
ETHERS. Nomenclature. Structure. Chemical properties. Cyclic ethers. Epoxides.
ALDEIDS AND CHETONS. Nomenclature. Carbonyl group structure. Preparations. Nucleophilic addition, mechanism. Oxidation. Reduction. Reaction of enolate ions. α-halogenation. α,β-Unsaturated aldehydes and ketones
CARBOSSILIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. Nomenclature. Acidity. Unsaturated acids. Preparations. Esterification. Saponification. Acylic nucleophilic substitution. Acyl halides. Anhydrides. Amides.
DIFUNCTION ACIDS. Bicarboxylic acids. Hydroxy Acids. Lactoni and lactids. Keto acids. Claisen condensation.
AMINES. Nomenclature. Structure and chemical and physical properties. Basicity. Reactions of amines as nucleophiles Diazonium salts.
HETEROCYLIC COMPOUNDS. Pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole. Pyridine, pyrimidine, indole (outline).
CARBOHYDRATES. Nomenclature. Stereoisomery. Acyclic and cyclic structures of monosaccharides. Disaccharides and polysaccharides.

1) H. Hart C. M. Hadad, L. E. Craine, D. J. Hart- Chimica Organica VII edizione- Zanichelli editore S. p. A. – Via Irnerio 34- 40126 Bologna.

2) W. H. BROWN, T. POON – Introduzione alla Chimica Organica IV edizione – EdiSES S.r.l. - Via nuova S. Rocco, 62/A – P.co Soleado – Napoli.

3) B. BOTTA – Chimica Organica Essenziale – Edi. Ermes s.r.l. Viale E. Forlanini, 65 – 20134 Milano