MICROBIOLOGY M - Z

• Identify the different types of relationship that micro-organisms and human parasites determine with the host, differentiating the phenomenon "infection" from the "disease".
• Analyze critical factors that determine the "contagion" and the spread of microorganisms and parasites correlating them with their unique biological characteristics.
• Classify the micro-organisms and parasites in the various stages of aggregation of living matter (metazoans, prokaryotes, fungi, viruses), correlating the degree of organization with the pathogenic action.
• According to the structural organization of micro-organisms and parasites, identify the necessary facilities / functions to perform the metabolic processes and replication and to determine the infection / disease in the host.
• Correlate the phenomenon of variation and mutation of microorganisms and parasites with the pathogenic action and resistance to antimicrobial substances.
• Assess the degree of resistance (survival) in the environment of microorganisms and parasites as a critical factor for the host infection.
• Knowing the levels of prevention and protection of the production of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products.
• Know the basic principles of self-testing: Sterility, Disinfection, HACCP etc.

The prokaryotic cell

• The organization of the bacterial cell
• The capsule
• The outer membrane and peptidoglycan
• The cytoplasmic membrane
• The pili
• Flagella and bacterial movement
• The cytoplasmic organelles
• The membrane transport and secretion systems
• Bacterial nucleoid

Fungi, Algae, Protozoa and Helminths

Fungi:

• Characteristics of fungi and their metabolism
• The role of fungi in the environment and industry
• Important fungi from the health point of view
• The main antifungal

Algae:

• Algae Features
• The main phylum of pharmaceutical interest

Protozoa:

• Characteristics of Protozoa
• The important protozoa from the health point of view
• The main anti-protozoal drugs

Helminths:

• Characteristics of Helminths
• Flatworms: Flukes and Tapeworms
• Nematodes
• The main anti-helmintic drug

Viruses and sub- viral structures

• The organization of the viral particle
• Viral symmetry
• Replicative classes
• Prions
• Viroids and virusoides
• The bacteriophage
• The antiviral chemotherapy: major agents

The bacterial genetics and cell growth

• The notion of genetic information transfer in prokaryotes
• Recombination from eukaryotes to prokaryotes
• Plasmids
• Conjugation
• Transformation
• Transduction
• Transposable elements
• Mutations
• The regulation of gene expression: LAC operon
• The translational attenuation: the regulation of the TRP synthesis

Bacterial metabolism

• Bacterial nutrition and nutritional classification of bacteria
• The glycolytic pathways
• The gluconeogenesis
• Sugars alternative to glucose sugars:utilization of polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose etc)
• Metabolism of nitrogen compounds
• The tricarboxylic acid cycle and glyoxylate cycle
• Bacterial respiration: oxidative phosphorylation and anaerobic respiration
• Chemiolitotrophy
• The fermentative pathways
• Features of autotrophic metabolism
• Photosynthesis and its diversity
• Peptidoglycan synthesis
• Protein synthesis
• DNA synthesis

Cell growth and differentiation

• The cell cycle
• The bacterial division
• Alternatives to "binary fission"
• Vital not cultivable status
• The microbial biofilms
• The spore and spore-forming bacteria

Host parasite relationships

• Bacterial infection
• Viral infection
• Fungal infection and its classification
• Parasitic infection
• The host response to infection
• Vaccines

Diversity and systematics of the microbial world

Special Bacteriology (taxonomic classification, main characteristics, pathogenicity, infectious diseases, prevention opportunities, diagnostics and chemotherapy)

The main features of: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Neisseria, Branhamella, Mycobacterium, Streptomyces, Nocardia, Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, Bartonella, Listeria, Gardnerella, Bacillus, Clostridium, Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus, Pasteurella, Vibrio, Legionella, Brucella, Bordetella, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacteroides, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Chlamydiaceae, Rickettsiales, Spirochetales.

Special virology (taxonomic classification, main characteristics, pathogenicity, infectious diseases, prevention opportunities, diagnostics and chemotherapy)

The main features of: Poxviridae, Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Papillomavirus e Polyomavirus umani,Parvoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Picornaviridae, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviridae, Reoviridae, retrovirus umani, Togaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, e Rubivirus, virus delle epatiti (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV,HEV, HGV)

Infection control: sterilization, principles and techniques; disinfection, principles and techniques; The principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy

Sterilization, disinfection and antisepsis:

Physical methods (the heat, radiations, filtration

Chemical methods (alkylating agents, oxidizing agents)

Sterility controls (physical indicators, chemical indicators, biological indicators)

Sterilization applications in the pharmaceutical field and its limits:

• Parenteral products
• Products non-parenteral
• General consideration

Objectives and implementation of the disinfection methods

Targets and mechanisms of action of disinfectants

Types of disinfectants:

• Phenol derivatives
• Biguanide
• Surfactant compounds
• Aldehydes
• Halogens
• Alcohols
• Oxidizing agents

Methods for assessing the efficacy of disinfectants

The main antibiotics: mechanism of action and resistance.

The concept of infectious disease: the spread and prevention - Principles of microbiological diagnostic and susceptibility testing

The epidemiology of infectious diseases:

• General concepts
• Epidemiological terminology
• Frequency rate
• Recognition of an infectious disease within a population
• Recognition of an epidemic
• The infectious cycle: history of a disease
• Carriers and reservoirs
• Infectious diseases and emerging and re-emerging pathogensx.
• Outbreak control
• Clinical and diagnostic methods
• Identification of pathogens
• Susceptibility to antibiotics (susceptibility testing)

Pharmaceutical production and pharmacopeia

Assessment of pharmaceuticals contamination:

• Essay of sterility
• Evaluation of microbial contamination of non-sterile products

Pyrogens and bacterial endotoxins:

• Assay for pyrogens
• Assays for bacterial endotoxins (LAL test)

Microbiological assay:

• Biological assay of antibiotics
• Interferon dosing
• Control the activity of disinfectants

Microbiological characteristics of pharmaceutical products:

• Obligatorily sterile pharmaceutical preparations
• Pharmaceutical preparation does not necessarily sterile

Sterilization of pharmaceutical products:

• Sterilization methods applicable to pharmaceutical products
• Biological sterilization indicators
• Use of antimicrobial preservatives in pharmaceutical preparations

Good manufacturing practice for preparation of medicines:

• Characteristics of the environment
• Staff
• Raw material
• Preparation of medicines in Pharmacy

Cosmetics products

Self-monitoring and HACCP: food infections - The microbiological quality control and the environment hygiene measures

HACCP system

Description of the HACCP system: preliminary phases of the application system

Main features of HACCP system: principles 1 to 7

Food microbiology:

• Meaning of microorganisms in food
• Unfermented foods (meat, poultry, eggs, seafood, vegetables and fruit)
• Fermented foods (fermented vegetables, bread, cheese, fermented milk, fermented meat products)

HACCP in pharmacies according to Legislative Decree 193/07 and s.m.i

Notes on guidelines for the activity of sterilization as a collective protection against biological agents for the operator in health facilities (D.Lgs. 81/2008 e s.m.i.)

The sterilization process and its enterprise management

People involved

Structural and technological requirements:

• Large / medium-sized hospitals
• Small hospitals

Operating protocols:

• Harvesting
• Decontamination
• Washing (manual, ultrasound, automated)
• Personal protective equipment [gloves, protective clothing, respiratory protection devices, for face protection (face shield or equivalent)]
• Rinsing, drying, inspection and maintenance
• Medical paper, envelopes and rolls in paper-laminated polymeric film, a polymeric material composition of various types usable in sheets, polyolefin and similar materials suitable for use in rolls or tubular, reusable Material: container
• Sterilization (steam sterilization, with ethylene oxide, with other physical methods, gas plasma of hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid solutions)
• Controls on environments and the process steps

Microbiologia Farmaceutica II ed, Edises