BIOLOGIA FARMACEUTICA - MICROBIOLOGIA A - L

Module MICROBIOLOGIA

·        Classify microorganisms and identify their structures and functions necessary for metabolic processes, replication, and development of the infectious process.

·        Identify microorganisms' relationships with the host, differentiating beneficial associations from potentially harmful ones.

·        Analyze the critical factors determining the spread of microorganisms, correlating them with biological characteristics and the degree of environmental resistance.

·        To correlate the phenomenon of mutations and the exchange of genetic material with pathogenic action and resistance to antimicrobial drugs.

·        Know the rules of good preparation for producing pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products.

Oral Exit Admission Test: Written test with multiple choice questions as a ‘Cerent’s’) multiple choice

Oale. (to be admitted to the oral exam you must have totaled at least 40% of the max scaffolding

 the teacher is not considered to carry out the pre-selective test if the number of booked is small

Knowledge of cell biology

Frequenza strongly recommended

The microbial world
 
General classification of microorganisms: Archaea, Bacteria, Eucarya. Normal microbial flora of the body: Microbiota and Microbiome.

Microorganisms and their natural environments. The impact of microorganisms on humans. Discoveries in the microbiological field.

Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases associated with climate change and globalization


The prokaryotic cell
 
1.    Size, shape, and aggregation states
2.    Fundamental structures (nucleoid, cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall)
3.    Accessory structures (capsule and glycocalyx, pili and fimbriae, flagella)
4.    Structure and synthesis of peptidoglycan. The outer shells in Gram+ bacteria. Teicoic acids. The outer shells in Gram- bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide or LPS. Permeability, the periplasmic space. The outer shells in mycobacteria. Capsule. Flagella and bacterial cell movement.

Bacterial genetics

1.    General characteristics of the bacterial genome
2.    Chromosome and plasmids
3.    Transposable elements: insertion sequences, transposons, invertible elements.
4.    Mutations.
5.    Intercellular transfer of genetic material: transformation, transduction, bacterial conjugation.
 

Bacterial metabolism
 
1.    Physical and environmental conditions that condition bacterial growth.
2.    Aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
3.    Energy sources for microorganisms
4.    Respiration and fermentation routes
 
 Reproduction and growth of bacteria
 
1.    Bacterial division
2.    Growth curve of a bacterial population.
3.    Survival strategies (spores and spores, microbial biofilm)
 
Microorganism-host ratios
 
1.    Biological associations
2.    Sources of infection
3.    Disease transmissibility
4.    The infectious process (pathogenicity, virulence factors):
5.    
1.    Interaction: between parasite and host: symbiosis.
2.    : symbiosis. Adherence, penetration, and overcoming host defense systems
3.    Reproduction. Pathogenic action. Defensive reaction of the guest.
4.    
 
Host response to infection and immunity
 
1.    Host defenses against infection (innate and adaptive immunity)
2.    Other defense mechanisms (inflammation and fever)
3.    Passive immunization (immunoglobulins and sera)
4.    Active immunization (vaccines)
 
Human microbiota
 
1.    Composition and physiology of the human microbiota
2.    Role of the microbiota in different body districts
3.    Bi-directional relationship of the microbiota with other organs (gut-brain axis)
4.    Dysbiosis and its contribution to the onset of metabolic diseases and disorders
5.    Probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics
 
Principles of bacteriological diagnosis

1.    Staining methods (basic stains, differential stains).
2.    Gram staining.
3.    Characteristics of cultural media and their classification
4.    
5.    Evaluation of the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibacterial drugs: methods for diffusion and dilution. Antibiogram. MIC. Concept of breakpoint.
 
1.    Direct and indirect identification of pathogens
2.    Antibiotic susceptibility tests (susceptibility, MIC, and MBC)
3.    Outline of epidemiology of infectious diseases
4.    Community and nosocomial infections
 
Sterilization and disinfection for infection prevention
 
1.    Sterilization by physical, chemical, mechanical methods and sterility controls
2.    Sterilization in the pharmaceutical field (compulsory sterile preparations, sterility checks, assays for the detection of bacterial endotoxins)
3.    Microbial contamination assessment of non-sterile products
4.    Disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives
5.    Good practice standards for medicinal products (requirements for the environment, personnel, and raw materials)
 
Antibacterial drugs
 
1.    Classification and mechanism of action of the main antibacterial drugs
2.    Mechanisms of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics
3.    Prebiotics and probiotics
4.    Drug resistance
 
Systematic bacteriology of the  main pathogenic bacteria for humans

Tassonomia, caratteristiche, patogenicità, principali patologie , antibiotico-sensibilità e antibiotico-resistenza dei generi Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Haemophilus Enterococcus, Neisseria, Bordetella, Legionella, Brucella, Corynebacterium, Helicobacter, Mycobacterium, Enterobacteriaceae Vibrio, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Helicobacter, Mycoplasma, Chlamydiaceae, Rickettsiales, Spirochetales. Clostridium; Bacillus


Virology

Viruses

1.    
2.    Classification of viruses
3.    Structure characteristics, Replication strategies, and mechanisms of the different classes of RNA and DNA viruses.
1.    Pathogenesis of viral infection and damage to the host cell
2.    Host defenses against viral infection (interferon)
3.    Bacteriophages
4.    Prions
5.    Virus cultivation
6.    Mechanism of action and spectrum of activity of the main antiviral drugs

Systematic virology
Tassonomia, caratteristiche, patogenicità, principali patologie, prevenzione e trattamento dei generi Poxvirus, Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Papillomavirus, Paramyxovirus, Togavirus, Orthomyxovirus, Rhabdovirus, Rhinovirus, Poliovirus, Picornaviridae Papovaviridae,Parvoviridae Coronavirus, Filovirus, Lentivirus (HIV) e virus epatici maggiori (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV, HGV).

Fungi
 
1.    Taxonomy, classification, morphology and reproduction
2.    Classification of mycosis (superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic Immunosuppression and opportunistic mycosis.
3.    opportunistic)
4.    Notes on the main fungi of medical interest: Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, dimorphic fungi, dermatophytes, and zygomycetes.
5.    Toxicology of fungi (mycetism and mycotoxins)
6.    Mechanism of action and spectrum of activity of the main antifungal drugs
7.    Biofilm fungini.
 
Protozoa
 
1.    Taxonomy, classification, morphology and reproduction
2.    Main parasitic protozoa of medical interest: flagellates with intestinal and genitourinary localization, hemoflagellates, amoebas, sporozoa, and ciliates.
3.    Mechanism of action and spectrum of activity of the main antiprotozoal drugs

N. Carlone – R. Pompei – V. Tullio

Microbiologia Farmaceutica III edizione 

Edises Università

oppure

G. Antonelli – M. Clementi – G. Pozzi – G.M. Rossolini

Principi di Microbiologia Medica, quarta edizione

Casa Editrice Ambrosiana

The student is free to choose another textbook.

 

The Commission will verify knowledge acquisition using resources and information provided by the diagnostic pathways related to the program's topics. The exam will also evaluate the student’s ability to apply such knowledge in contexts that simulate or describe real situations, even using cases reported in the scientific literature.
The evaluation is based on a vote expressed in thirtieths.

How is the bacterial cell made?
What does a virus look like?
What are the main characteristics of prokaryotic organisms?
 "Vertical" transmission of an infection refers to the transmission of a pathogenic microorganism:
1.    From animal to man
2.    from the upper to lower respiratory tract
3.    from one organ to another of the same individual
4.    from patient to patient through contaminated surgical instruments
5.    From mother to child during or immediately after pregnancy   


Which of these microorganisms is halophilic?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Toxoplasma gondii è un Virus
1.    True
2.    False